DNS servers in Hong Kong
Find the best DNS servers in Hong Kong ordered by highest availability.
This Hong Kong DNS server list was last updated in October, 2019.
| IP | rDNS | Location | Status | Reliability | DNSSec |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ip 101.78.230.189 | Address | Location Central | Status | Reliability 86% | DNSSec |
| Ip 101.78.230.190 | Address | Location Central | Status | Reliability 86% | DNSSec |
| Ip 115.160.173.170 | Address mail.adtech.com.hk. | Location Central | Status | Reliability 86% | DNSSec |
| Ip 152.101.179.129 | Address 152-101-179-129.static.hk.net. | Location | Status | Reliability 86% | DNSSec |
| Ip 152.101.4.130 | Address ns7.hk.net. | Location Central | Status | Reliability 86% | DNSSec |
| Ip 168.70.212.197 | Address | Location | Status | Reliability 86% | DNSSec |
| Ip 202.130.102.211 | Address mail.sinocap.com.hk. | Location | Status | Reliability 86% | DNSSec |
| Ip 202.130.97.65 | Address dns1.ibn-ipv6.info. | Location | Status | Reliability 86% | DNSSec |
| Ip 202.130.97.66 | Address dnsb.hkbnes.net. | Location | Status | Reliability 86% | DNSSec |
| Ip 202.131.64.91 | Address mail.tex-knit.hk. | Location Kowloon | Status | Reliability 86% | DNSSec |
| Ip 202.174.158.10 | Address ns5.speedcast.com. | Location | Status | Reliability 86% | DNSSec |
| Ip 202.180.161.1 | Address ns8.imsbiz.com. | Location | Status | Reliability 86% | DNSSec |
| Ip 202.181.224.2 | Address ns1.hkcix.com. | Location | Status | Reliability 86% | DNSSec |
| Ip 202.56.8.198 | Address ns2.hkg001.pnap.net. | Location | Status | Reliability 86% | DNSSec |
| Ip 202.88.99.221 | Address 202-88-99-221.static.hk.net. | Location | Status | Reliability 86% | DNSSec |
| Ip 203.86.159.180 | Address ip1-159-180.asiaonline.imsbiz.com. | Location | Status | Reliability 86% | DNSSec |
| Ip 205.147.105.236 | Address hk.linkwork.dk. | Location | Status | Reliability 86% | DNSSec |
| Ip 210.5.56.146 | Address name1.chinatelecomglobal.com. | Location | Status | Reliability 86% | DNSSec |
| Ip 210.87.250.59 | Address ns5.imsbiz.com. | Location | Status | Reliability 86% | DNSSec |
| Ip 210.87.253.35 | Address ns6.imsbiz.com. | Location | Status | Reliability 86% | DNSSec |
| Ip 218.102.1.8 | Address tswc2a008.netvigator.com. | Location Central | Status | Reliability 86% | DNSSec |
| Ip 218.103.106.109 | Address 109.106.103.218.static.netvigator.com. | Location Central | Status | Reliability 86% | DNSSec |
| Ip 218.103.37.238 | Address 238.37.103.218.static.netvigator.com. | Location Central | Status | Reliability 86% | DNSSec |
| Ip 219.76.206.244 | Address 244.206.76.219.static.netvigator.com. | Location Mong Kok | Status | Reliability 86% | DNSSec |
| Ip 223.197.238.226 | Address 223-197-238-226.static.imsbiz.com. | Location Central | Status | Reliability 86% | DNSSec |
| Ip 223.255.139.181 | Address | Location | Status | Reliability 86% | DNSSec |
| Ip 47.91.128.195 | Address | Location | Status | Reliability 86% | DNSSec |
| Ip 59.152.214.132 | Address mail.tianchengauction.com. | Location Sham Shui Po | Status | Reliability 86% | DNSSec |
| Ip 103.198.192.43 | Address ioshare.com. | Location | Status | Reliability 85% | DNSSec |
| Ip 112.121.178.186 | Address | Location Cheung Sha Wan | Status | Reliability 85% | DNSSec |
| Ip 113.28.55.94 | Address 113-28-55-94.static.imsbiz.com. | Location | Status | Reliability 85% | DNSSec |
| Ip 152.101.123.194 | Address 152-101-123-194.static.hk.net. | Location | Status | Reliability 85% | DNSSec |
| Ip 202.14.67.14 | Address ns2.pacific.net.hk. | Location | Status | Reliability 85% | DNSSec |
| Ip 202.155.218.154 | Address | Location | Status | Reliability 85% | DNSSec |
| Ip 202.56.8.197 | Address ns1.hkg001.pnap.net. | Location | Status | Reliability 85% | DNSSec |
| Ip 203.198.7.66 | Address ns4.netvigator.com. | Location Causeway Bay | Status | Reliability 85% | DNSSec |
| Ip 210.176.91.186 | Address | Location | Status | Reliability 85% | DNSSec |
| Ip 210.5.164.52 | Address | Location Central | Status | Reliability 85% | DNSSec |
| Ip 210.5.56.145 | Address | Location | Status | Reliability 85% | DNSSec |
| Ip 210.87.250.154 | Address ns8.imsbiz.com. | Location | Status | Reliability 85% | DNSSec |
| Ip 218.102.23.228 | Address ns3.netvigator.com. | Location | Status | Reliability 85% | DNSSec |
| Ip 218.103.19.170 | Address mail.tayanggroup.com. | Location Central | Status | Reliability 85% | DNSSec |
| Ip 218.103.8.74 | Address pcd732074.netvigator.com. | Location Wanchai | Status | Reliability 85% | DNSSec |
| Ip 223.197.220.88 | Address 223-197-220-88.static.imsbiz.com. | Location Yuen Long | Status | Reliability 85% | DNSSec |
| Ip 47.90.0.25 | Address mail.brightonequipment.com. | Location | Status | Reliability 85% | DNSSec |
| Ip 59.148.214.148 | Address 059148214148.ctinets.com. | Location Central | Status | Reliability 85% | DNSSec |
| Ip 103.196.125.1 | Address | Location | Status | Reliability 84% | DNSSec |
| Ip 103.198.82.224 | Address | Location | Status | Reliability 84% | DNSSec |
| Ip 118.140.0.238 | Address | Location Central | Status | Reliability 84% | DNSSec |
| Ip 118.143.33.22 | Address | Location Central | Status | Reliability 84% | DNSSec |
| Ip 175.45.61.220 | Address mail.thecoresystem.com.hk. | Location Central | Status | Reliability 84% | DNSSec |
| Ip 175.45.61.36 | Address mail.ptp-architects.com.hk. | Location Central | Status | Reliability 84% | DNSSec |
| Ip 202.130.119.158 | Address | Location Yuen Long | Status | Reliability 84% | DNSSec |
| Ip 202.134.87.4 | Address static-ip-4-87-134-202.rev.dyxnet.com. | Location | Status | Reliability 84% | DNSSec |
| Ip 202.153.112.221 | Address | Location | Status | Reliability 84% | DNSSec |
| Ip 202.155.222.251 | Address | Location | Status | Reliability 84% | DNSSec |
| Ip 202.181.213.51 | Address mx1.ceronde.com. | Location | Status | Reliability 84% | DNSSec |
| Ip 202.64.161.118 | Address | Location | Status | Reliability 84% | DNSSec |
| Ip 203.169.229.63 | Address mail10.exchangespeed.net. | Location | Status | Reliability 84% | DNSSec |
| Ip 203.186.217.188 | Address 203186217188.ctinets.com. | Location Central | Status | Reliability 84% | DNSSec |
| Ip 203.80.116.234 | Address 203080116234.ctinets.com. | Location Tai Po | Status | Reliability 84% | DNSSec |
| Ip 210.0.128.120 | Address ns120.on-nets.com. | Location | Status | Reliability 84% | DNSSec |
| Ip 210.0.128.251 | Address ns251.on-nets.com. | Location | Status | Reliability 84% | DNSSec |
| Ip 210.0.255.250 | Address bbdns1.on-nets.com. | Location | Status | Reliability 84% | DNSSec |
| Ip 210.176.12.229 | Address | Location | Status | Reliability 84% | DNSSec |
| Ip 210.177.230.51 | Address ns2.novelent.com. | Location Central | Status | Reliability 84% | DNSSec |
| Ip 210.177.255.186 | Address | Location Kowloon Bay | Status | Reliability 84% | DNSSec |
| Ip 210.3.136.50 | Address static-bbs-50-136-3-210-on-nets.com. | Location Central | Status | Reliability 84% | DNSSec |
| Ip 220.241.92.140 | Address mail.jkcapitalmanagement.com. | Location | Status | Reliability 84% | DNSSec |
| Ip 220.246.41.79 | Address 079.41.246.220.static.netvigator.com. | Location Central | Status | Reliability 84% | DNSSec |
| Ip 223.197.203.142 | Address 223-197-203-142.static.imsbiz.com. | Location Central | Status | Reliability 84% | DNSSec |
| Ip 223.197.220.13 | Address 223-197-220-13.static.imsbiz.com. | Location Yuen Long | Status | Reliability 84% | DNSSec |
| Ip 223.197.254.24 | Address zetterpictureframer.hk. | Location Central | Status | Reliability 84% | DNSSec |
| Ip 59.148.249.214 | Address 059148249214.ctinets.com. | Location Wanchai | Status | Reliability 84% | DNSSec |
| Ip 61.92.164.145 | Address mail.yukkee.com.hk. | Location Central | Status | Reliability 84% | DNSSec |
| Ip 61.93.207.118 | Address 061093207118.ctinets.com. | Location Central | Status | Reliability 84% | DNSSec |
| Ip 103.11.244.3 | Address 103-011-244-003.easyhost.com.hk. | Location | Status | Reliability 83% | DNSSec |
| Ip 103.196.124.3 | Address | Location | Status | Reliability 83% | DNSSec |
| Ip 103.196.125.2 | Address | Location | Status | Reliability 83% | DNSSec |
| Ip 103.232.35.101 | Address | Location | Status | Reliability 83% | DNSSec |
| Ip 103.240.65.226 | Address | Location Central | Status | Reliability 83% | DNSSec |
| Ip 103.244.159.82 | Address mail.leehungfat.com.hk. | Location Central | Status | Reliability 83% | DNSSec |
| Ip 103.251.112.62 | Address mail.huginforce.com. | Location | Status | Reliability 83% | DNSSec |
| Ip 103.251.112.67 | Address mail.huginforce.com. | Location | Status | Reliability 83% | DNSSec |
| Ip 112.121.178.187 | Address | Location Cheung Sha Wan | Status | Reliability 83% | DNSSec |
| Ip 112.121.184.36 | Address | Location Cheung Sha Wan | Status | Reliability 83% | DNSSec |
| Ip 116.48.150.197 | Address 197.150.48.116.static.netvigator.com. | Location Central | Status | Reliability 83% | DNSSec |
| Ip 118.140.3.165 | Address | Location Central | Status | Reliability 83% | DNSSec |
| Ip 119.247.170.22 | Address 119247170022.ctinets.com. | Location Central | Status | Reliability 83% | DNSSec |
| Ip 123.1.150.117 | Address | Location | Status | Reliability 83% | DNSSec |
| Ip 123.1.150.120 | Address | Location | Status | Reliability 83% | DNSSec |
| Ip 158.132.187.187 | Address w2008s-dc04.lsgi.polyu.edu.hk. | Location Central | Status | Reliability 83% | DNSSec |
| Ip 175.45.16.134 | Address mail.manningsasia.com. | Location Central | Status | Reliability 83% | DNSSec |
| Ip 202.14.67.4 | Address ns1.pacific.net.hk. | Location | Status | Reliability 83% | DNSSec |
| Ip 202.155.218.155 | Address | Location | Status | Reliability 83% | DNSSec |
| Ip 202.76.45.101 | Address | Location | Status | Reliability 83% | DNSSec |
| Ip 202.82.218.168 | Address | Location | Status | Reliability 83% | DNSSec |
| Ip 202.85.147.163 | Address | Location | Status | Reliability 83% | DNSSec |
| Ip 203.198.186.71 | Address mail.smlgroup.com. | Location Kowloon | Status | Reliability 83% | DNSSec |
| Ip 203.198.68.197 | Address 197.68.198.203.static.netvigator.com. | Location | Status | Reliability 83% | DNSSec |
| Ip 210.0.128.115 | Address ns115.on-nets.com. | Location | Status | Reliability 83% | DNSSec |
| Ip 210.0.128.241 | Address rbsdns35.net-yan.com. | Location | Status | Reliability 83% | DNSSec |
| Ip 210.0.128.250 | Address ns250.on-nets.com. | Location | Status | Reliability 83% | DNSSec |
| Ip 210.0.255.216 | Address rbsdns35.net-yan.com. | Location | Status | Reliability 83% | DNSSec |
| Ip 210.0.255.251 | Address bbdns2.on-nets.com. | Location | Status | Reliability 83% | DNSSec |
| Ip 210.176.64.218 | Address | Location Central | Status | Reliability 83% | DNSSec |
| Ip 210.176.64.219 | Address | Location Central | Status | Reliability 83% | DNSSec |
| Ip 210.177.182.18 | Address | Location | Status | Reliability 83% | DNSSec |
| Ip 210.177.222.162 | Address | Location Central | Status | Reliability 83% | DNSSec |
| Ip 210.177.222.168 | Address mail.tfcit.com.hk. | Location Central | Status | Reliability 83% | DNSSec |
| Ip 210.6.43.124 | Address 210006043124.ctinets.com. | Location Central | Status | Reliability 83% | DNSSec |
| Ip 218.103.124.88 | Address 088.124.103.218.static.netvigator.com. | Location Central | Status | Reliability 83% | DNSSec |
| Ip 218.103.92.84 | Address 084.92.103.218.static.netvigator.com. | Location Shatin | Status | Reliability 83% | DNSSec |
| Ip 218.188.215.66 | Address static-bbs-66-215-188-218-on-nets.com. | Location Ho Man Tin | Status | Reliability 83% | DNSSec |
| Ip 218.188.215.94 | Address static-bbs-94-215-188-218-on-nets.com. | Location Ho Man Tin | Status | Reliability 83% | DNSSec |
| Ip 59.148.213.230 | Address 059148213230.ctinets.com. | Location Tseung Kwan O | Status | Reliability 83% | DNSSec |
| Ip 59.148.214.44 | Address mail1.wahtungmetal.com. | Location Central | Status | Reliability 83% | DNSSec |
| Ip 59.148.250.34 | Address 059148250034.ctinets.com. | Location Kowloon | Status | Reliability 83% | DNSSec |
| Ip 59.188.30.70 | Address srv02.extremesys.com.hk. | Location | Status | Reliability 83% | DNSSec |
| Ip 59.188.74.1 | Address | Location | Status | Reliability 83% | DNSSec |
| Ip 61.93.221.46 | Address 061093221046.ctinets.com. | Location Sheung Shui | Status | Reliability 83% | DNSSec |
| Ip 103.196.124.1 | Address | Location | Status | Reliability 82% | DNSSec |
| Ip 103.196.125.3 | Address | Location | Status | Reliability 82% | DNSSec |
| Ip 112.121.178.188 | Address | Location Cheung Sha Wan | Status | Reliability 82% | DNSSec |
| Ip 112.121.178.189 | Address | Location Cheung Sha Wan | Status | Reliability 82% | DNSSec |
| Ip 112.121.178.190 | Address | Location Cheung Sha Wan | Status | Reliability 82% | DNSSec |
| Ip 112.121.181.51 | Address | Location Cheung Sha Wan | Status | Reliability 82% | DNSSec |
| Ip 112.121.184.34 | Address | Location Cheung Sha Wan | Status | Reliability 82% | DNSSec |
| Ip 112.121.184.35 | Address | Location Cheung Sha Wan | Status | Reliability 82% | DNSSec |
| Ip 115.160.156.42 | Address | Location Central | Status | Reliability 82% | DNSSec |
| Ip 117.18.119.42 | Address | Location | Status | Reliability 82% | DNSSec |
| Ip 118.140.4.4 | Address | Location Central | Status | Reliability 82% | DNSSec |
| Ip 123.1.150.119 | Address | Location | Status | Reliability 82% | DNSSec |
| Ip 123.1.150.121 | Address | Location | Status | Reliability 82% | DNSSec |
| Ip 202.126.222.1 | Address mail1.multisoft.com.hk. | Location | Status | Reliability 82% | DNSSec |
| Ip 202.2.76.5 | Address BBIe6005.exasia.net. | Location | Status | Reliability 82% | DNSSec |
| Ip 202.2.77.76 | Address BBf7076.exasia.net. | Location | Status | Reliability 82% | DNSSec |
| Ip 202.69.64.2 | Address ns1.davnet.com.hk. | Location | Status | Reliability 82% | DNSSec |
| Ip 202.69.64.3 | Address ns2.davnet.com.hk. | Location | Status | Reliability 82% | DNSSec |
| Ip 203.186.217.185 | Address 203186217185.ctinets.com. | Location Central | Status | Reliability 82% | DNSSec |
| Ip 203.186.61.66 | Address 203186061066.static.ctinets.com. | Location Central | Status | Reliability 82% | DNSSec |
| Ip 210.0.128.242 | Address rbsdns35.net-yan.com. | Location | Status | Reliability 82% | DNSSec |
| Ip 210.176.60.12 | Address | Location Central | Status | Reliability 82% | DNSSec |
| Ip 210.176.60.9 | Address | Location Central | Status | Reliability 82% | DNSSec |
| Ip 210.245.150.62 | Address | Location | Status | Reliability 82% | DNSSec |
| Ip 210.6.105.41 | Address 210006105041.ctinets.com. | Location Central | Status | Reliability 82% | DNSSec |
| Ip 210.6.19.165 | Address 210006019165.ctinets.com. | Location Ma On Shan Tsuen | Status | Reliability 82% | DNSSec |
| Ip 218.102.1.7 | Address tswc2a007.netvigator.com. | Location Central | Status | Reliability 82% | DNSSec |
| Ip 101.78.189.210 | Address | Location Central | Status | Reliability 81% | DNSSec |
| Ip 112.121.189.179 | Address | Location Cheung Sha Wan | Status | Reliability 81% | DNSSec |
| Ip 123.202.155.9 | Address 123202155009.ctinets.com. | Location Central | Status | Reliability 81% | DNSSec |
| Ip 14.199.8.207 | Address 014199008207.ctinets.com. | Location Central | Status | Reliability 81% | DNSSec |
| Ip 183.179.147.14 | Address 183179147014.ctinets.com. | Location Central | Status | Reliability 81% | DNSSec |
| Ip 183.179.92.208 | Address 183179092208.ctinets.com. | Location Tai Wai | Status | Reliability 81% | DNSSec |
| Ip 202.155.201.170 | Address | Location Central | Status | Reliability 81% | DNSSec |
| Ip 202.180.160.1 | Address ns7.imsbiz.com. | Location | Status | Reliability 81% | DNSSec |
| Ip 210.176.60.1 | Address | Location Central | Status | Reliability 81% | DNSSec |
| Ip 210.176.60.13 | Address | Location Central | Status | Reliability 81% | DNSSec |
| Ip 210.176.60.3 | Address | Location Central | Status | Reliability 81% | DNSSec |
| Ip 210.176.60.4 | Address | Location Central | Status | Reliability 81% | DNSSec |
| Ip 210.176.60.5 | Address | Location Central | Status | Reliability 81% | DNSSec |
| Ip 210.176.60.6 | Address | Location Central | Status | Reliability 81% | DNSSec |
| Ip 210.176.60.7 | Address | Location Central | Status | Reliability 81% | DNSSec |
| Ip 47.90.81.124 | Address | Location | Status | Reliability 81% | DNSSec |
| Ip 58.176.171.121 | Address 058176171121.ctinets.com. | Location Tin Shui Wai | Status | Reliability 81% | DNSSec |
| Ip 58.64.188.188 | Address | Location | Status | Reliability 81% | DNSSec |
| Ip 61.244.49.78 | Address 061244049078.static.ctinets.com. | Location Sha Tin Wai | Status | Reliability 81% | DNSSec |
| Ip 119.246.69.228 | Address 119246069228.ctinets.com. | Location Kwai Chung | Status | Reliability 80% | DNSSec |
| Ip 14.136.63.13 | Address 014136063013.ctinets.com. | Location Central | Status | Reliability 80% | DNSSec |
| Ip 14.198.28.213 | Address 014198028213.ctinets.com. | Location Central | Status | Reliability 80% | DNSSec |
| Ip 183.179.199.54 | Address 183179199054.ctinets.com. | Location Central | Status | Reliability 80% | DNSSec |
| Ip 203.186.182.254 | Address 203186182254.ctinets.com. | Location Central | Status | Reliability 80% | DNSSec |
| Ip 103.250.55.195 | Address | Location Central | Status | Reliability 79% | DNSSec |
| Ip 117.18.119.36 | Address | Location | Status | Reliability 79% | DNSSec |
| Ip 119.246.103.156 | Address 119246103156.ctinets.com. | Location Tin Shui Wai | Status | Reliability 79% | DNSSec |
| Ip 121.202.130.66 | Address m121-202-130-66.smartone.com. | Location | Status | Reliability 79% | DNSSec |
| Ip 121.202.135.11 | Address m121-202-135-11.smartone.com. | Location | Status | Reliability 79% | DNSSec |
| Ip 202.92.168.47 | Address | Location | Status | Reliability 79% | DNSSec |
| Ip 116.48.157.204 | Address 116-48-157-204.static.netvigator.com. | Location Central | Status | Reliability 78% | DNSSec |
| Ip 119.246.36.176 | Address 119246036176.ctinets.com. | Location Shatin | Status | Reliability 78% | DNSSec |
| Ip 121.202.228.25 | Address m121-202-228-25.smartone.com. | Location | Status | Reliability 78% | DNSSec |
| Ip 147.8.25.79 | Address press.hku.hk. | Location Central | Status | Reliability 78% | DNSSec |
| Ip 203.85.45.131 | Address www.chkg.com. | Location | Status | Reliability 77% | DNSSec |
| Ip 203.85.45.20 | Address adv.chkg.com. | Location | Status | Reliability 77% | DNSSec |
| Ip 203.85.45.24 | Address pc024.chkg.com. | Location | Status | Reliability 77% | DNSSec |
| Ip 203.85.45.26 | Address pc026.chkg.com. | Location | Status | Reliability 77% | DNSSec |
| Ip 124.244.224.239 | Address 124244224239.ctinets.com. | Location Tseung Kwan O | Status | Reliability 73% | DNSSec |
| Ip 202.77.0.1 | Address dns1.chevalier.net. | Location | Status | Reliability 73% | DNSSec |
| Ip 59.152.208.253 | Address | Location Central | Status | Reliability 73% | DNSSec |
| Ip 202.134.72.177 | Address static-ip-177-72-134-202.rev.dyxnet.com. | Location | Status | Reliability 72% | DNSSec |
| Ip 210.3.1.38 | Address mail.ypicallmc.edu.hk. | Location | Status | Reliability 72% | DNSSec |
| Ip 202.181.213.108 | Address web18.1sthost.com. | Location | Status | Reliability 70% | DNSSec |
| Ip 202.82.21.33 | Address | Location | Status | Reliability 70% | DNSSec |
| Ip 202.181.242.131 | Address ns1.apricot.com.hk. | Location Aberdeen | Status | Reliability 69% | DNSSec |
| Ip 119.246.12.68 | Address 119246012068.ctinets.com. | Location Kwai Chung | Status | Reliability 68% | DNSSec |
| Ip 202.181.213.110 | Address ns5.1sthost.com. | Location | Status | Reliability 68% | DNSSec |
| Ip 203.198.143.141 | Address 141.143.198.203.static.netvigator.com. | Location Central | Status | Reliability 68% | DNSSec |
| Ip 103.247.162.170 | Address mail.comprotech.com.hk. | Location Tuen Mun | Status | Reliability 67% | DNSSec |
| Ip 202.181.238.98 | Address ip98.in51.com. | Location | Status | Reliability 66% | DNSSec |
| Ip 202.155.214.26 | Address | Location Central | Status | Reliability 61% | DNSSec |
| Ip 111.92.237.107 | Address s111092237107.i-services.com.hk. | Location | Status | Reliability 60% | DNSSec |
| Ip 61.93.238.106 | Address 061093238106.static.ctinets.com. | Location Central | Status | Reliability 58% | DNSSec |
| Ip 45.114.8.167 | Address | Location | Status | Reliability 54% | DNSSec |
| Ip 119.247.86.223 | Address 119247086223.ctinets.com. | Location San Po Kong | Status | Reliability 49% | DNSSec |
| Ip 47.90.8.4 | Address | Location | Status | Reliability 49% | DNSSec |
| Ip 220.246.40.24 | Address 024.40.246.220.static.netvigator.com. | Location Central | Status | Reliability 48% | DNSSec |
Do you know any other Hong Kong DNS servers that we are not aware of? Please let us know.